2013년 11월 26일 화요일

About 'development of social work'|Spain: Newsletter November 2012 of the General Council of Social Work







About 'development of social work'|Spain: Newsletter November 2012 of the General Council of Social Work








               The               threshold               of               excellent               academic               performance!
               LAST               YEAR               was               the               threshold               of               excellent               academic               performance               and               positive               replications               by               the               administrator,               teachers               and               students.

This               year               is               another               vintage,               a               good               business               to               touch               off               in               terms               of               student-teacher               learning               and               teaching               performances               in               order               to               soar               up               steadily               or               with               its               MPS               target               by               almost               100               percent               as               one               of               the               main               educational               aims               as               benchmarks               for               quality               of               education               in               the               Philippines,               especially               in               the               public               schools.
               The               standard               of               education               serves               as               an               eventual               capacity               for               grasping               at               student's               performance               and               for               threshing               out               some               innovative               strategies               to               take               on               board               for               the               benefits               not               only               of               the               students               in               particular               but               also               of               the               school               in               general.
               This               school               year               speaks               for               academic               excellence               among               Mingscians               who               want               to               spin               out               or               go               on               with               their               studies               even               in               college               on               account               of               the               zeal               in               quality               of               education.

Students               will               always               abide               by               the               rules               and               regulations               and               the               benchmark               of               education               itself               is               strictly               agreed               by               the               mentors               in               this               learning               institution.
               According               to               Dr.

Ermetes               F.

Adolfo,               Jr.,               one               of               the               mentors               here,               teaching               is               dedicated               to               those               who               devote               their               lives               to               their               belief               that               learning               gives               rise               to               liberty,               that               education               is               the               life               blood               of               democracy.

The               vision               of               a               future               where               people               will               live               together               in               harmony,               tolerance               and               mutual               respect               is               not               something               to               dream               of,               but               something               to               struggle               and               work               for.

Teachers               are               in               the               forefront               of               this               battle.
               On               the               part               of               students,               it               is               important               to               note               that               the               topics               for               discussions               are               those               brought               up               by               the               interests               of               the               students               themselves,               and               not               imposed               by               the               teacher.

This               is               a               guarantee               that               the               ensuing               philosophical               inquiry               remains               relevant               to               the               needs               and               interests               of               the               students.

The               students               are               encouraged               to               think               divergently               and               test               out               a               wide               diversity               of               possible               answers               to               the               questions               raised.
               Moreover,               it               is               emphasized               that               the               students               do               not               just               achieve               a               solution               to               a               problem,               but               each               solution               that               is               offered               be               given               a               fair               hearing               and               that               the               judgment               of               the               best               solution               be               based               on               sound               reasoning.

All               opinions               should               have               some               appeal               to               reasons               as               their               support.

In               order               to               stress               this               point               to               the               students,               it               is               important               that               the               teachers               develop               their               keen               ears               so               as               to               be               able               to               ask               effective               follow-up               questions               which               encourage               the               students               to               seek               out               the               reasons               for               their               views.
               The               goal               is               that               through               the               give-and-take               of               common               inquiry,               each               student               will               internalize               the               good               reasoning               habits               of               the               group.

In               effect,               the               student's               thinking               ability               will               be               a               mental               model               of               the               process               of               inquiry               carried               out               by               the               class               as               a               whole;               cognizance               of               alternative               views               was               being               taken               into               account,               just               to               arrive               at               a               well-grounded               conclusion.
               The               Access               school               paper               has               nothing               to               do               against               DepEd               policy               or               system               of               education.

What               it               concerns               too               much               is               the               educational               system               itself               that               is               being               administered.

That's               why,               in               behalf               of               the               administrators,               teachers               and               students,               there               are               important               things               to               consider               here,               so               that               good               implementations               will               not               put               into               waste               and               oblivion.

They               are               as               follows:
               1)               To               receive               the               moral               and               material               recognition               appropriate               to               their               level               of               qualifications               and               responsibilities;               2)               To               have               adequate               working               conditions,               including               at               least               basic               equipment               for               their               task;               3)               To               have               a               salary               comparable               to               other               professions               with               the               same               level               of               qualifications               and               responsibilities,               so               as               to               make               it               possible               for               them               to               live               with               dignity               on               the               salary               from               their               work;               4)               To               be               given               professional               and               academic               freedom               to               find               the               methods               and               classroom               approach               that               best               meet               the               democratically               dedicated               objectives               of               the               educational               system;               5)               To               quadrate               with               the               teacher's               capacity               by               leading               his/her               students               to               discover               themselves               the               truths               and               their               willingness               to               live               up               to               these               truths;               and               6)               To               understand               deeply               that               a               teacher               can               help               the               students               realize               that               there               is               so               much               in               life               to               learn               and               so               much               reasons               for               them               to               be               happy               whatever               status               they               are               in.

To               reiterate               our               stand               on               the               issue,               quality               of               education               is               right               here               at               MNSHS.

Zeal               in               quality               of               education               is               at               its               peak.

That's               why               this               year               is               a               vintage               for               everybody,               a               good               business               to               touch               off               in               terms               of               student-teacher               learning               and               teaching               performances               in               order               to               soar               up               steadily               or               with               its               MPS               target               by               almost               100               percent               as               one               of               the               main               educational               aims               as               benchmarks               for               quality               of               education,               especially               in               this               learning               institution.
               Magna               Carta               for               Public               School               Teachers
               This               act               is               very               important               to               the               teachers               in               the               public               schools.

It               protects               the               rights               of               the               teachers,               like               tenure               of               office,               academic               freedom,               and               other               benefits               for               their               well-being.

There               is               a               section               in               this               act               that               mandates               the               head               of               office               to               inform               the               teachers               of               this               code.

Unfortunately,               this               is               not               so.

Some               teachers               are               not               privy               to               the               provisions               of               this               code               as               this               is               not               discussed               with               them.

Whenever               a               question               arises               as               to               the               legality               of               any               action               by               the               teacher,               he               or               she               has               to               find               a               copy               of               this               code.
               There               was               a               teacher               who               requested               for               a               study               leave               for               one               year.

Since               she               did               not               know               that               she               is               entitled               to               a               study               leave               with               pay,               she               applied               for               a               study               leave               without               pay.

The               principal               told               her               that               her               application               might               not               be               approved               as               this               is               no               longer               allowed.

She               was               advised               to               personally               talk               to               the               superintendent               and               discuss               her               request               with               her.

Her               papers               did               not               have               the               endorsement               of               the               principal.

When               she               talked               to               the               superintendent,               the               superintendent               told               her               to               go               back               to               her               principal               and               have               her               papers               signed               by               the               principal               first               before               the               superintendent               signs               it.

When               the               papers               were               finally               signed               by               the               two               school               officials,               she               went               to               the               regional               office               for               processing.

To               her               surprise,               she               was               told               that               she               is               eligible               for               a               study               leave               with               pay               as               she               has               already               served               more               than               seven               years.

She               was               shown               a               copy               of               the               Magna               Carta.

Isn't               it               deplorable               that               the               information               must               come               from               a               mere               processing               clerk               than               from               the               two               school               officials?

Aren't               they               supposed               to               be               the               source               of               information?

Is               this               not               a               case               of               withholding               information               for               some               ulterior               motives?
               Magna               Carta               for               public               school               teachers               serves               as               the               guide               to               "utter"               protection               and               freedom,               away               from               threats               and               terminations               from               the               concerned               authorities.

If               you               are               not               aware               of               this               law,               you               are               always               threatened               by               the               administrators               or               any               person               in               authority               to               terminate               you               from               work               once               you               violated               the               law.

For               the               information               of               everybody,               the               Magna               Carta               has               significantly               defined               along               with               its               history               in               the               English               realms,               it               is               also               known               as               Magna               Carta               Libertatum,               an               English               1215               charter               which               limited               the               power               of               English               Monarchs,               specifically               King               John,               from               absolute               rule.

Magna               Carta               was               the               result               of               disagreements               between               the               Pope               and               King               John               and               his               barons               over               the               rights               of               the               king:               Magna               Carta               required               the               king               to               renounce               certain               rights               and               respect               certain               legal               procedures,               and               to               accept               that               the               will               of               the               king               could               be               bound               by               law.

Magna               Carta               is               widely               considered               to               be               the               first               step               in               a               long               historical               process               leading               to               the               rule               of               constitutional               law.

All               of               them               are               patterned               after               the               present               Magna               Carta               law               for               teachers.
               In               order               to               be               protected               from               abuses,               etc.

I               think               every               teacher               must               have               a               copy               of               this               Magna               Carta               with               him               so               that               whenever               he               feels               aggrieved,               he               can               refer               to               this               law               to               protect               his               rights.

And               that               is               the               essence               of               Magna               Carta               for               teachers               both               in               the               public               and               private               schools               in               the               Philippines.
               A               Complete               Sample               of               Learning               Module               in               Compliance               with               the               Master's               Degree               Program:               Subject               EDUC.

208               --               Professional               Ethics               and               Legal               Aspects               of               Education
               A               LEARNING               MODULE
               1.

Title:
               Education               208:               Professional               Ethics               and               Legal               Aspects               of               Education
               2.

Target               Population:
               
               All               Graduate               School               Entrants,               especially               those               enrolled               in               the               Master's               Degree               Program,               who               have               already               finished               their               Baccalaureate               Degrees
               3.

Overview:
               This               three-unit               course               acquaints               students               with               professional               ethics               entailed               in               the               moral               issues               that               arise               because               of               the               specialist               knowledge               that               professionals               attain,               and               how               the               use               of               this               knowledge               should               be               governed               when               providing               a               service               to               the               public,               and               carried               additional               moral               responsibilities               to               those               held               by               the               population               in               general.

It               also               acquaints               students               with               codes               of               conduct,               codes               of               practice               as               well               as               ethical               codes               or               principles               in               every               conceivable               aspect;               whereby,               it               deals               ethically               and               intrinsically               with               standards               that               a               professional/worker               should               observe               in               performance               of               his/her               duties               and               responsibilities               whether               in               public               or               private               practice               of               his/her               profession               or               work.

The               course               further               deals               with               the               legal               aspects               of               education               and               such               other               laws               promulgated               to               strengthen               adherence               to               the               ethical               norms               of               work               and               the               sanctions               imposed               for               violations               of               the               standards               set               by               law.
               4.

Objectives:
               4.1.

General               Objectives:
               After               completing               the               module,               the               student               should               be               able               to:
               4.1.1.

conceive               varied               ways               of               the               moral               dimensions               of               behaviors,               codes               of               conduct,               professional               ethics               and               practices               reflected               in               the               excerpted               works               of               selected               authors,               moral               philosophers               and               old-fashioned/modern               behaviorists;
               
               4.1.2.

acquaint               with               the               ethical               norms               and,               at               the               same               time,               sustain               interest               in               the               codes               of               ethics               observed               by               workers/professionals               which               regulate               the               profession               (e.g.,               teacher,               accountant,               lawyer,               engineer,               doctor,               computer               programmer,               nurse,               medical               technologist),               and               how               conflict               of               interest               will               arise               and               preventive               measures               to               avoid               them;
               
               4.1.3.

examine               critically               and               form               sound               judgment               of               the               ethical               principles               and               practices               which               geared               towards               in-depth               studies               of               legal               foundations               of               education               in               order               to               relate               to               modern               mode               of               thinking;
               4.1.4.

know               the               rules               and               regulations,               legal               aspects               or               bases               of               Philippine               education,               and               other               pertinent               laws               promulgated               by               Congress               and               such               other               administrative               bodies               to               maintain               the               ethical               standards               in               the               practice               of               profession               in               the               private               and               public               service/duties,               and               the               corresponding               sanctions               or               penalties               for               the               violations;               and
               
               4.1.5.

further               get               acquainted               and               connected               oneself               through               application               with               all               the               laws               and               regulations               covering               different               levels               of               education               and               such               laws               promulgated               to               establish               ethical               standards               in               the               performance               of               work/profession.
               4.2.

Specific               Objectives:
               After               completing               the               module,               the               student               should               be               able               to:
               4.2.1.

identify               and               recall               experiences               pertinent               to               typical               conflicts               of               interests               which               interfere               with               professional               responsibilities               and               how               to               prevent               or               avoid               them;
               
               4.2.2.

participate               actively               in               the               legal               aspects               and               utilize               other               legal               bases               wisely               and               effectively               of               Philippine               educational               system               considering,               particularly,               every               aspect               of               provisions               in               the               1987               Constitution               relating               to               Education,               Science,               Technology,               Arts,               Culture               and               Sports               (ESTACS)               as               the               basis               of               other               laws               governing               education;
               
               4.2.3.

describe               and               compare               with               other               Republic               Acts               pertaining               to               education               about               the               provisions               of               BP               232,               the               Act               providing               for               the               establishment               and               maintenance               of               an               Integrated               System               of               Education,               otherwise               known               as               the               Educational               Act               of               1982               which               defines               the               rights               and               obligations               of               parents,               students,               teachers,               administrators,               non-academic               staff,               as               well               as               the               school               in               general               and               such               other               laws               and               regulations               promulgated               by               legislature               related               to               education;               and
               
               4.2.4.

specify               unambiguously               the               significance               and               impetus               of               the               provisions               of               Magna               Carta               of               Teachers               (basic               rights               and               responsibilities               of               a               teacher)               and               liken               said               provisions               with               that               of               the               Educational               Act               of               1982.
               5.

Entry               Behavior               and               Prerequisite               Skills:
               5.1.

All               Graduate               School               Entrants               are               graduates               of               Bachelor               in               Secondary               Education               (BSED),               Bachelor               in               Elementary               Education               (BEED),               or               any               Baccalaureate               Degree               with               18               units               of               professional               educational               subjects;               and
               
               5.2.

General               knowledge               of               the               three               foundations               of               education               and               research               capability.
               6.

Instructions               to               the               Learner:
               The               students               undergo               clear,               definite               and               specific               directions               for               every               activity,               project,               study               sheet               assignment,               and               test               that               should               be               accomplished               by               them.

Instructions               include               general               instructions               for               the               use               of               the               module               as               a               whole,               and               specific               instructions               to               be               placed               in               the               specific               components               or               units               of               the               module.
               7.

Pretest:
               Before               a               student               plunges               himself/herself               into               a               formal               study               of               the               course,               he/she               should               take               the               pretest               to               know               his/her               strengths               as               well               as               his/her               weaknesses               in               the               subject               to               make               appropriate               adjustments               or               changes.

Thus,               pretest               contains               a               diagnostic               test               which               determines               the               learner's               knowledge               and               lack               of               knowledge               regarding               the               subject               matter.

The               pretest               covers               the               subject               matter               included               in               the               entire               module.

After               completing               the               study,               he/she               has               to               take               the               posttest               to               determine               how               much               the               student               has               learned               after               undergoing               the               lessons               contained               in               the               module.

(Note:               See               separate               worksheets               on               pretest/posttest               with               50               items               in               professional               ethics               and               another               50               items               in               legal               aspects               of               education.)
               7.1.

Lesson               Problem               as               Pretest/Learning               Objectives/Study               Guide/Course
               Activity/Lesson               Requirements/Lesson               Assessment:
               6.2.1.

The               lesson               problem               sets               the               section               of               the               module               (based               on               pretest),               preliminary               action               and               stage               for               learning               per               category               by               posing               significant               but               thought-provoking               questions               to               be               answered               in               order               to               complete               the               lesson               modules.

Students               respond               to               each               category               "before               and               after"               completing               the               lesson               module               to               act               as               a               self               check.
               6.2.2.

Generally,               learning               objectives               are               written               in               terms               of               learning               outcomes.

These               are               the               criteria               by               which               materials               are               selected,               content               is               outlined,               instructional               procedures               are               developed,               and               tests               or               examinations               are               prepared.
               6.2.2.

The               study               guide               consists               of               the               main               body               of               each               lesson               module               that               teaches               the               skills               and               concepts               in               order               for               the               students               to               be               successful               learners               as               far               as               the               subject               is               concerned.
               
               6.2.3.

The               learning               activity               gives               the               students               a               complete               practice               in               what               they               have               learned               from               the               Study               Guide.

Thus,               the               activity               of               worksheets               or               projects               needs               to               be               answered               or               accomplished.
               
               6.2.3.

The               lesson               requirements               are               established               for               the               sole               purpose               of               ensuring               the               welfare               of               students               as               a               guide               during               the               process               of               learning,               and               these               protocols               are               obligatory               to               advance               for               modular               lessons               in               successive               but               limited               period               of               time.
               
               6.2.4.

This               lesson               assessment/evaluation               focuses               on               ensuring               that               students               have               arrived               at               their               intended               destination.

It               will               need               to               gather               some               evidence               that               they               did.

This               usually               is               done               by               gathering               students'               work               and               assessing               this               work               using               some               kind               of               grading               component               that               is               based               on               lesson               objectives.

It               could               also               replicate               some               of               the               activities               practiced               as               part               of               the               lesson,               without               providing               the               same               level               of               guidance               during               the               lesson.

It               could               always               quiz               students               on               various               lesson               module               concepts               and               problems               as               well.
               7.2.

Unit               Contents               for               Pretest:
               Each               unit               contains               the               following:
               6.3.1.

Lesson               Problem/Pretest
               6.3.2.

Lesson               Objectives
               6.3.3.

Study               Guide/Main               Body               of               the               Lesson
               6.3.4.

Learning               Activity
               6.3.5.

Lesson               Requirements/Research               Project
               8.

Pretest               Feedback               and               Evaluation:
               This               part               contains               guidelines               on               the               equivalents               given               to               the               scores               obtained               by               the               learners,               such               as:
               8.1.

For               a               100-item               test
               99-100               =               1.0               <               high               >
               97-98               =               1.1               <               high               >
               95-96               =               1.2               <               high               >
               93-94               =               1.3               <               above               average               >
               91-92               =               1.4               <               above               average               >
               90               =               1.5               <               above               average               >
               89               =               1.6               <               average               >
               88               =               1.7               <               average               >
               87               =               1.8               <               average               >
               86               =               1.9               <               average               >
               85               =               2.0
               84               =               2.1               <               below               average               >
               83               =               2.2               <               below               average               >
               82               =               2.3               <               below               average               >
               81               =               2.4               <               below               average               >
               80               =               2.5               <               below               average               >
               79               =               2.6               <               low               >
               78               =               2.7               <               low               >
               77               =               2.8               <               low               >
               76               =               2.9               <               low               >
               75               =               3.0               <               low               >
               9.

Learning               Activities
               Included               in               this               part               are               all               lessons               presented               in               each               unit               of               the               module,               all               the               assignments               which               the               learner               must               accomplish,               and               all               projects               which               the               learner               should               perform.

All               the               activities               should               conform               to               the               objectives               of               the               module.

Stated               unambiguously               hereunder               are               the               learning               tasks/activities               in               professional               ethics:
               LEARNING               CONTENTS/ACTIVITIES
               PART               I               --               PROFESSIONAL               ETHICS
               I.

Overview:
               Professional               ethics               concerns               the               moral               issues               that               arise               because               of               the               specialist               knowledge               that               professionals               attain,               and               how               the               use               of               this               knowledge               should               be               governed               when               providing               a               service               to               the               public.

The               professional               carries               additional               moral               responsibilities               to               those               held               by               the               population               in               general.

This               is               because               professionals               are               capable               of               making               and               acting               on               an               informed               decision               in               situations               that               the               general               public               cannot,               because               they               have               not               received               the               relevant               training.

For               example,               a               layman               member               of               the               public               could               not               be               held               responsible               for               failing               to               act               to               save               a               car               crash               victim               because               they               could               not               give               an               emergency               tracheotomy.

This               is               because               they               do               not               have               the               relevant               knowledge.

In               contrast,               a               fully               trained               doctor               (with               the               correct               equipment)               would               be               capable               of               making               the               correct               diagnosis               and               carrying               out               the               procedure               and               we               would               think               it               wrong               if               they               stood               by               and               failed               to               help               in               this               situation.

You               cannot               be               held               accountable               for               failing               to               do               something               that               you               do               not               have               the               ability               to               do.
               This               preliminary               action/overview               will               help               you               understand               the               nature               of               professional               obligations               and               the               tensions               that               arise               among               professional               groups.

The               section               in               particular               explores               the               ethical               dilemmas               that               arise               from               working               within               multi-professional               teams.

In               response               to               the               new               ethical               and               regulatory               environment,               many               professional               bodies               have               produced               revised               codes               of               ethics.

These               new               codes               are               generally               based               on               principles,               as               opposed               to               rules.

What               this               means               in               practice               is               that               professionals               are               expected               to               apply               certain               principles               when               determining               how               they               should               act,               as               opposed               to               simply               following               a               set               of               rules.

However,               applying               the               principles               to               complex               professional               dilemmas               requires               the               development               of               a               set               of               ethical               competences.

Key               competences               include:
               An               understanding               of               when               ethical               dilemmas               pertaining               to               professional               work               arise               in               the               first               instance.

An               appreciation               of               the               bases               that               make               the               principles               worth               pursuing.

Why,               for               example,               should               a               pharmacist,               "encourage               patients               to               participate               in               decisions               about               their               health?''               or               a               teacher               "use               the               computers               at               school               or               work               to               earn               extra               money?"               or               a               professor               "ask               his               student               for               a               date?"               An               understanding               of               the               different               ways               in               which               a               principle               can               be               translated               into               an               action.

For               example,               when               exercising               professional               judgment,               how               do               you               determine               what               the               interests               of               the               public               are,               in               contrast               to               the               interests               of               patients,               students               or               other               clients?

And               finally,               it               requires               the               ability               to               resolve               a               situation               where               principles               are               in               conflict.


               II.

Lesson               Objectives:
               To               explain               the               professional               ethics               with               regard               to               one's               conduct               of               behavior               and               practice               when               carrying               out               professional               work,               and               matters               such               as               professional               indemnity.
               To               discuss               the               codes               of               ethics               that               are               concerned               with               a               range               of               issues,               including:               academic               honesty;               adherence               to               confidentiality               agreements;               data               privacy;               handling               of               human               subjects;               impartiality               in               data               analysis               and               professional               consulting;               professional               accountability;               resolution               of               conflicts               of               interest;               and               software               privacy.
               To               consider               every               aspect               of               the               purpose               of               ethical               standards               to               professional/worker,               and               to               examine               critically               the               pros               and               cons               of               professional               ethics               in               relation               to               the               6               subsections,               namely,               intellectual               property,               academic               integrity,               use               of               computer               facilities,               human               relations,               professional               integrity,               and               values.
               
               III.

Study               Guide/Main               Body               of               the               Lesson:
               Professional               Ethics/Codes               of               Conduct/Codes               of               Practice
               Advantages               and               Disadvantages               of               a               Code               of               Ethics
               Considerations/Guidance               for               Writing               a               Code               of               Ethics
               Professional               Ethics:               Teaching
               Intellectual               Property:               Ethical               Aspects
               Ethical               Theory:               Aristotelian               Ethics/Cross-Cultural               Ethics
               Employment               Ethics:               Keeping               an               Employment               Contract
               IV.

Learning               Tasks/Activities:
               A.

Definitions               and               Distinctions
               It               is               not               the               writer's               purpose               in               this               learning               module               to               propound               any               ethical               theory               in               the               profession.

He               wishes               simply               to               draw               certain               distinctions               which               need               to               be               recognized               in               discussion               of               ethical               phenomena               and               to               select               and               define               a               term               to               mark               each               of               the               types               of               phenomena               distinguished.

The               terms               and               definitions               he               suggests               are               deliberately               designed               to               avoid               foreclosing               any               ethical               issue               concerning               professional               work,               etc.

They               could,               he               thinks,               be               used               in               the               way               here               presented               for               exposition               of               any               ethical               theory,               though,               of               course,               many               ethical               theories               would               need               restatement               if               the               definitions               were               used.

Such               restatement               would               only               modify               the               theories               insofar               as               it               revealed               some               parts               of               them               to               be               due               to               oversight               or               confusion.

The               definitions               are               close               enough               to               the               usage               of               ordinary               speech               to               be               readily               intelligible               but               distinctively               designate               certain               important               differences               among               ethical               phenomena               which               are               often               confused               but               in               common               speech               and               philosophical               discussion.
               To               avoid               prejudgment               of               the               issue               between               naturalistic               and               non-naturalistic               ethics,               the               writer               shall               need               to               begin               with               an               ethical               term               which               will               not               be               defined               by               analysis,               even               though               it               may               be               naturalistically               definable.

Its               meaning               will               have               to               remain,               for               present               purpose,               only               denotatively               indicated.

The               writer               selects               the               term               "obligation,"               or               "duty"               to               one's               profession,               holding               these               terms               to               be               synonyms.

To               say               "A               has               an               obligation               to               do               X"               which               is               equivalent               to               "A               ought               to               do               X,"               in               that               sense               of               "ought"               which               is               commonly               held               to               be               peculiar               to               ethics.

Here               both               a               similarity               and               a               difference               will               be               noted               if               compared               to               the               term               G.E.

Moore,               in               Principia               Ethica,               took               as               indefinable,               i.e.

the               term               "good,"               interpreted               as               equivalent               to               "ought               to               exist."
               Professional               ethics               concerns               the               moral               issues               that               arise               because               of               the               specialist               knowledge               that               professionals               attain,               and               how               the               use               of               this               knowledge               should               be               governed               when               providing               a               service               to               the               public.

Its               distinction               to               other               ethical               theory               is               that               it               arises               as               to               the               ethical               limits               of               the               professional's               responsibility               and               how               power               and               authority               should               be               used               in               service               to               the               client               and               society.

Its               major               task               is               obligation               or               duty               to               a               particular               profession               associated               with               conduct               of               behavior               and               practice               when               carrying               out               professional               work.

Such               work               may               include               consulting,               researching,               teaching               and               writing.
               
               B.

Theory               Input
               Preliminary               Action:
               Results               show               that               professional               ethics,               despite               being               one               of               the               main               areas               in               the               national               curriculum               for               both               forms               of               teacher               education,               is               an               educational               area               associated               with               relatively               modest               expectations               on               behalf               of               the               students.

The               same               holds               true               for               assessment               of               outcomes.The               analyses               of               structures               of               expectancies               and               assessment               of               outcomes               highlight               three               dimensions               relevant               to               professional               ethics:               the               individual/collegial               dimension,               the               cognitive/emotional               dimension,               and               the               student/profession               oriented               dimension.

In               the               expectancy               structure               of               early               education               students,               ethical               deliberation               seems               to               be               not               only               a               cognitive               matter               but               also               a               private               one               as               it               is               connected               to               critical               reflection               and               evaluation               of               own               work.

The               emotional               dimension               is               added               in               the               assessment               of               outcomes               structure,               as               ethical               deliberation               becomes               connected               to               empathy               and               tolerance.
               Further,               teachers               expect               to               learn               more               within               the               ethics               area               by               graduation               end               up               in               a               cluster               characterized               by               high               assessment               of               outcomes               within               PLANNING,               LEADERSHIP               AND               RESPONSIBILITY,               indicating               a               professional               orientation               towards               the               individual               responsibility               of               an               educational               leader               of               a               team               of               care               givers               in               the               typical               early               education               context.

In               contrast,               the               ethical               position               of               education               students               starts               out               as               encompassing               both               cognitive               and               emotional               dimensions               as               well               as               communicative,               maybe               collegial               discursive,               ones.

However,               as               reflected               in               the               assessment               of               outcomes               structure,               the               latter               is               lost               at               graduation.

Graduate               school               professors               and               students               initially               high               on               expectations               within               the               professional               ethics               area               tend               to               end               up               with               high               assessment               of               outcomes               within               the               very               same               area.Education               in               the               professions               is               commonly               thought               of               as               teaching               theory               later               to               be               applied               in               professional               action.

Surprisingly               the               items               on               different               kinds               of               knowledge               in               the               beginning               of               studies               are               conceptualized               as               one               distinct               factor,               isolated               from               the               other               items               reflecting               diverse               curriculum               components.

In               the               end               of               studies               aspects               of               knowledge               are               distributed               across               several               other               components.
               Not               so               ethics,               with               the               possible               exception               of               knowledge               about               rules               and               regulations               in               the               early               education               teachers               sample.

The               analyses               performed               do               identify               ethics               as               one               of               the               distinct               components               both               in               the               beginning               of               studies               and               at               the               end               for               the               early               childhood               education               student               sample,               and               at               least               at               the               end               for               the               teacher               education               sample.

At               the               end               of               studies               it               is               in               both               samples               comprised               of               ethical               deliberation,               tolerance               and               valuing               different               points               of               view.

Accepting               responsibility               and               making               decisions               comes               in               addition               for               graduate               school               students.
               
               According               to               Chris               MacDonald               in               his               considerations               for               writing               a               code               of               ethics,               most               major               corporations,               and               many               smaller               companies,               now               have               Codes               of               Ethics,               along               with               a               range               of               other               issue-specific               ethics               documents.

Such               a               document               embodies               the               ethical               commitments               of               one's               organization;               it               tells               the               world               who               the               person               is,               what               he/she               stands               for,               and               what               to               expect               when               conducting               business               with               him/her.

The               content               of               a               Code,               and               the               process               for               writing               it,               can               vary               quite               a               lot,               but               there               are               some               of               the               standard               issues               to               consider.

There               are               questions               surrounding               the               validity               of               professional               codes               of               ethics.

On               a               practical               level               it               is               very               difficult               for               those               independent               of               the               profession               to               monitor               practice,               leaving               the               possibility               that               a               code               of               practice               may               be               self               serving.

This               is               because               the               nature               of               professions               is               that               they               have               almost               a               complete               monopoly               on               a               particular               area               of               knowledge.
               Theory               input               was               supported               by               the               Association               of               Social               Work               Boards,               1996:               Standards               of               Practice/Code               of               Conduct,               and               Model               Work               Practice               Act,               in               the               Association               of               Social               Work               Boards,               Social               Work               Laws               and               Regulations               with               a               Comparison               Guide,               (Culpeper,               VA:               ASWB).

Thus,               the               additional               course               goals               and               content               analysis               with               categorical               inputs               are               given               due               recognition               on               behalf               of               the               students,               teachers               and               professionals.
               Course               Goals/Content               Analysis:
               Input               1               (General               Goals)               --               It               should               be               clearly               stated,               and               must               be               related               to               ethical               work               practice.

The               overall               purpose               of               this               model               course               is               to               encourage               and               help               students               develop               a               better               understanding               of               and               manage               the               ethical               issues               and               dilemmas               they               encounter               in               practice.

The               goals               are:
               1.

To               enable               students               to               increase               their               appreciation               and               understanding               of               the               history               and               evolution               of
               values               and               ethics               in               the               work               profession;
               2.

To               enable               students               to               develop               skills               in               applying               relevant               ethics               concepts               and               theories               of               ethics               to
               professional               work               practice;
               3.

To               provide               opportunities               for               students               to               acquire               knowledge               about               professional,               and               ethical
               standards               of               practice,               their               role               in               competent,               ethical               work,               and               times               at               which               professional               standards
               may               conflict;
               4.

To               provide               opportunities               for               students               to               increase               self-awareness               and               develop               an               awareness               of               the
               interplay               of               personal               values               and               professional               behavior;               and
               5.

To               enable               students               to               increase               their               ability               to               recognize               ethical               issues               and               to               apply               ethical
               decision-making               frameworks               and               protocols               through               enhanced               use               of               critical               thinking               skills;
               6.

To               enable               students               to               increasingly               recognize               and               embrace               the               role               of               diversity               and               social               justice               in
               understanding               and               addressing               ethical               dilemmas.
               Input               2:               (Core               Content)               --               It               should               address               specific               core               areas.

The               needs               of               course
               students               may               determine               how               much               emphasis               each               of               these               content               areas               will               receive.

The               core               content               areas               are:
               1.

History               and               evolution               of               values               and               ethics               when               carrying               out               a               professional               work;
               2.

Ethics               theories               (e.g.

Abramson,               Gilligan,               Levy,               Keith-Lucas,               Loewenberg,               Reamer,               etc.);
               3.

Professional               standards               of               work               practice,               such               as               exhibited               in               the               ethical               codes               of               the               Graduate
               School               Studies;
               4.

Professional               values               and               self-awareness               about               ethical               professional               behavior;               and
               6.

Ethical               decision               making               processes               and               dilemma               examples.
               Input               3:               (Applicable               Areas               of               Practice)               --               Professional               work               ethics               applies               to               all               aspects               of               professional               work               practice,               and               is               not               limited               to               ethical               direct               practice.

Students               should               understand               that               professional               workers               may               come               to               an               ethics               training               from               a               wide               range               of               professional               backgrounds,               and               should               be               aware               of               whether               the               content               provided               is               applicable               to               direct               practice,               indirect               practice,               or               both               practice               areas:               a)               direct               practice               --               it               can               be               defined               as               the               range               of               professional               work               activities               with               or               on               behalf               of               clients               in               which               goals               are               established,               worked               toward               and               guide               to               professional               work               ethics               course               development               reached               through               personal               contact               and               immediate               influence               with               those               seeking               social               services;               b)               potential               ethical               issues               --               they               include               but               are               not               limited               to               sexual               misconduct,               boundary               issues,               dual               and               multiple               relationships,               conflicts               of               interest,               confidentiality,               informed               consent,               service               delivery,               professional               competency,               fraud,               client               rights,               professional               impairment,               mandatory               reporting,               discrimination,               diversity,               billing               practices,               social               justice,               supervision               and               consultation;               c)               indirect               practice               --               it               can               be               defined               as               those               professional               social               work               activities               such               as               administration,               supervision,               research,               publication,               policy               development,               education               (classroom               and               field               instruction)               which               may               not               involve               immediate               or               personal               contact               with               clients               being               served.
               Input               4:               (Objectives)               --               Educators               should               have               a               clear               idea               of               what               a               student               who               takes               graduate               school               studies               will               be               able               to               do               at               the               end               of               the               course               presentation,               and               should               clearly               communicate               these               objectives               to               students.

Both               educators               and               students               should               be               able               to               measure               the               degree               to               which               these               objectives               were               met               through               the               course.

Objectives               for               a               course               will               vary               depending               on               the               purpose               of               the               course,               the               skill               level               and               experience               level               of               the               professional               worker,               and               the               educational               preferences               of               the               person               and/or               organization               designing               the               course.

The               first               step               in               designing               course               objectives               is               to               develop               a               clear               idea               of               the               target               audience               for               the               course.

Just               as               professional               workers               are               employed               in               a               wide               variety               of               ethical               settings,               they               bring               a               range               of               knowledge               and               skill               levels               to               any               continuing               education               course.

Courses               in               ethics               could               be               designed               to               meet               the               needs               of               practitioners               of               three               general               skill               levels:               basic,               intermediate               and               advanced.

These               skill               levels               may               be               conceptualized               by               using               a               variety               of               factors.

The               following               are               a               few               examples               of               these               factors:               a)               Level               of               competency               in               assessment,               knowledge               and               skills               of               the               professional               worker;               level               of               education;               level               of               licensure;               years               of               practice               experience;               b)               Use               of               specialized               methods               or               ability               to               use               more               complex               methods;               c)               Focus               on               a               particular               population,               problem               or               area               of               practice.
               Input               5:               (Ethical               Decision-Making)--               it               contains               examples               of               possible               course               outcomes               or               objectives               for               a               core               content               area               entitled               "Ethical               decision-making               processes"               for               three               skill               levels.

These               sample               objectives               contain               references               to               a               "professional               work               practice               situation"--               in               the               basic               level               this               is               referred               to               as               an               "uncomplicated               professional               work               practice               situation,               "while               in               the               intermediate               level               there               is               a               reference               to               a               "moderately               complex               professional               work               practice               dilemma."               The               differences               in               these               practice               situations               would               lie               in               the               factors               that               may               complicate               an               ethical               dilemma:               for               example,               the               relationship               between               the               severity               of               the               problem               and               client's               strengths,               or               the               experience               level               of               the               professional               worker,               the               number               of               people               involved               and/or               degree               of               magnitude               of               the               problem               (e.g.

life               or               death               situation).
               Input               6:               (Ethical               Principles)               --               Ethical               practices               apply               to               many               professions,               the               relationship               of               the               ethical               principles               to               the               practice               of               professional               work,               and               the               integration               of               ethics               into               the               core               values               of               the               profession,               demands               that               presenters               be               students,               teachers,               workers               and               professionals               and               that               they               have               extensive               knowledge               in               broad               ethical               principles               and               theory,               values               and               ethics               within               professional               work,               and               the               practical               application               of               these               concepts.
               C.

Exercises
               Posed               Questions:
               React               intently               and               comprehensively               to               this               paragraph:
               "Some               people               live               to               work;               others               work               to               live.

Whether               your               job               is               your               greatest               joy               in               life               or               just               a               duty,               it               is               worth               reflecting               on               whether               what               you               do               at               work               contributes               to               making               the               world               better.

Maybe               your               work               won't               win               a               Nobel               Prize,               a               Turing               Award,               or               a               Field               Medal,               but               you               can               use               some               of               your               creative               energy               to               see               that               your               efforts               have               some               positive               value.

When               all               is               said               and               done,               your               non-scholarly               contributions               might               far               outweigh               your               scholarly               ones               if               you               encouraged               an               at-risk               student,               wrote               a               clear               textbook,               helped               a               more               junior               colleague,               and               organized               a               conference               that               catalyzes               new               research,               or               made               a               staff               member's               life               a               little               easier.

Whatever               your               values,               bring               them               to               work."
               Confidentiality
               Question:
Rita               Adolfo               is               an               attorney               who               is               representing               a               man               in               a               divorce               action.

Her               client               has               just               called               her               and               said               (referring               to               his               wife's               lawyer)               "I               ought               to               just               go               over               there               and               shoot               that               lousy               low-life."               She               does               not               believe               her               client               is               likely               to               do               any               such               thing               but               is               concerned               about               her               professional               responsibilities.
               Which               of               the               following               most               accurately               describes               Lee               Anne's               obligations               under               the               Model               Rules               of               Professional               Conduct?
               (A)               She               must               disclose               what               her               client               said               to               her               opposing               counsel               because               her               client               has               threatened               to               cause               death               or               serious               bodily               harm;               even               though               she               does               not               believe               harm               is               likely.


               (B)               She               may               not               disclose               the               client's               statement               because               she               does               not               believe               that               the               client               is               likely               to               carry               out               the               threat.


               (C)               She               may               disclose               the               client's               threat               anonymously               to               the               police.


               (D)               She               has               discretion               to               disclose               her               client's               threat               to               her               opposing               counsel               to               prevent               death               or               serious               bodily               harm;               even               though               she               does               not               believe               harm               is               likely.
               Conflicts               of               Interest
               Question:               
               Joseph               Navarro               is               an               attorney               who,               until               recently,               was               employed               by               McMillen               &               Elkin.

Joseph               now               is               interviewing               for               a               job               with               Johnston               &               Barone,               another               local               law               firm.

Johnston               &               Barone               would               like               to               hire               Joseph,               but               they               are               concerned               because               Johnston               &               Barone's               biggest               case               is               against               a               client               represented               by               McMillen               &               Elkin,               and               Joseph               worked               for               McMillen               &               Elkin               while               that               case               was               ongoing               (although               Joseph               had               nothing               to               do               with               the               case               and               knows               nothing               about               it               or               the               client).
               Which               of               the               following               best               describes               Johnston               &               Barone's               options               under               the               Model               Rules               of               Professional               Conduct?
               (A)               The               firm               may               hire               Joseph               as               long               as               McMillen               &               Elkin's               client               gives               informed               consent,               confirmed               in               writing.
               (B)               The               firm               may               hire               Joseph               as               long               as               the               firm               is               prepared               to               withdraw               from               the               case               against               McMillen               &               Elkin's               client.
               (C)               The               firm               may               hire               Joseph               as               long               as               it               screens               him               from               any               participation               in               the               case               involving               McMillen               &               Elkin's               client               and               as               long               as               he               receives               no               income               from               the               case.
               (D)               The               firm               may               hire               Joseph               and               continue               in               the               case               because               Joseph               did               not               acquire               confidential               information               about               McMillen               &               Elkin's               client.
               Competence,               Communication,               and               Scope               of               Authority
               Question:
Michael               Rosales               is               a               new               attorney               who               has               opened               his               own               law               office.

A               competent               but               aging               client               has               asked               Michael               to               draft               an               irrevocable               trust               that               will               provide               for               her               during               her               lifetime               but               will               place               her               financial               affairs               in               the               control               of               her               son,               as               trustee.

Michael               has               never               done               any               such               thing.
               Which               of               the               following               most               accurately               describes               Michael's               obligations               under               the               Model               Rules               of               Professional               Conduct?
               (A)               Michael               must               decline               the               representation               because               he               is               not               competent               to               perform               the               services               that               the               client               needs.
               (B)               Michael               may               only               accept               the               representation               if               he               associates               an               experienced               lawyer               to               assist               him.
               (C)               Michael               may               accept               the               representation               if               the               requisite               level               of               competence               can               be               achieved               by               reasonable               preparation.
               Since               professions               exist               to               create               expectations,               a               professional's               obligation               is               to               meet               them.

Professional               obligations               are               questions               of               fact,               not               ethics.

What               is               expected?

What               is               consistent               with               the               mission               of               the               profession?

Furthermore,               what               general               ethical               obligations               apply               in               the               context               of               a               professional's               work?

Should               one               practice               the               profession               at               all?
               Write               an               abstract               about               the               salient               points               of               the               following:               professional               ethics               --               teaching;               Aristotelian               ethics;               and               Cross-cultural               ethics.
               V.

Assignment:
               Write               an               epitome               of               your               personality               and               self-awareness,               as               far               as               professional               ethics               is               concerned,               by               posing               these               questions:               Under               what               kinds               of               conditions               do               you               do               your               best               work?

What               kinds               of               working               conditions               do               you               find               the               most               difficult?

It's               possible,               of               course,               to               be               loyal               to               your               employer               but               still               to               disagree               with               some               of               the               rules               and               policies.

Can               you               provide               an               example               in               your               own               experience?
               PART               II               --               LEGAL               ASPECTS               OF               EDUCATION
               I.

Overview:
               Everything               in               education               is               established,               defined,               and               implemented               by               law.

Public               schools               are               funded               by               taxpayers               through               legislation.

School               operations               and               administrative               issues               are               set               by               law               (class               sizes,               use               of               funds,               teacher               licensure,               etc.).

States               define               academic               standards               through               legislation.

Even               the               amount               of               classroom               is               limited               and               defined               through               state               or               local               codes.
               The               purpose               of               the               legal               aspects               of               education               program               is               to               prepare               collaborative,               proactive               educational               leaders               committed               to               improving               the               quality               of               educational               legal               knowledge               in               a               variety               of               organizational               contexts.

It               is               designed               to               acquaint               school               administrators,               teachers,               students               and               parents               with               fundamental               legal               issues               that               impact               Philippine               elementary               and               secondary               schools.

Not               only               the               learning               institutions               but               also               the               other               private               and               government               agencies               to               have               adequate               legal               preparations,               more               particularly               the               leaders               or               professional               educators               who               are               tasked               to               require               full               exposure               to               a               variety               of               the               legal               components               affecting               private               and               public               establishments,               including               elementary               and               secondary               educations.
               II.

Lesson               Objectives:
               Discuss               the               differences               and               similarities               between               the               two               main               Republic               Acts               4670               and               232               from               Magna               Carta               for               Public               School               Teachers               and               the               Education               Act               of               1982.
               Understand               and               be               able               to               identify               the               legal               aspects               of               education,               particularly               the               educational               law               and               its               purpose.
               Explore               the               nature               and               implications               of               moral               conflicts               that               arise               from               the               pertinent               provisions               of               the               Magna               Carta.
               Produce               an               effective               legal               essay/debate               which               takes               a               stand               for/against               intellectual               property               (IP)               concerning               the               patent,               trade               secret               and               copyright.
               III.

Study               Guide/Main               Body               of               the               Lesson:
               Unit               I:               Legal               Aspects               of               Education;               Laws/Regulations
               Pertaining               to               Conduct               and               Ethical               Standards               of               Public
               Official/Employees;               Corresponding               Disciplinary
               Actions/Penalties
               A.

Education               is               Established,               Defined               and               Implemented               by
               Law;               Public               Schools/School               Operations               and
               Administrative               Issues/Academic               Standards
               B.

Intellectual               Property:               Legal               Aspects
               C.

Anti-Graft               and               Corrupt               Practices               Act               --               RA               3019
               D.

Code               of               Conduct               and               Ethical               Standards               of               Public               Officials
               and               Employees               (RA               6713)
               E.

Rule               XIV               --               Discipline               --               Book               V               of               EO               292               (Revised
               Administrative               Code)
               F.

Plunder               Law               --               (RA               7080               as               amended               by               RA               7659               --               the
               Death               Penalty               Law)               and               the               Petition               of               Former               President
               Estrada               to               Declare               Plunder               Law               Unconstitutional
               G.

Article               XI               of               the               1987               Constitution               --               Accountability               of
               Public               Officers
               Unit               II:               Laws               Pertaining               to               Education
               A.

Article               XIV               of               the               1987               Constitution               --               Provisions               for
               Education
               B.

Batas               Pambansa               Blg.

232               --               The               Education               Act               of               1982
               C.

Other               Legal               Bases               --               Act               No.

74;               Act               No.

2706;
               Commonwealth               Act               No.

1;               Commonwealth               Act               No.

80;
               Commonwealth               Act               No.

578;               Commonwealth               Act               No.
               586;               Commonwealth               Act               No.

589;               Republic               Act               No.

139;
               Republic               Act               No.

896;               Republic               Act               No.

1124;               Republic
               Act               No.

1265;               Republic               Act               No.

1425;               Republic               Act               No.
               4670;               Republic               Act               No.

1079;               Republic               Act               No.

6655;
               Republic               Act               No.

6728;               Republic               Act               No.

6850;               Republic
               Act               No.

7079;               Republic               Act               No.

7323;               Republic               Act               No.
               7722;               Republic               Act               No.

7731;               Republic               Act               No.

7743;
               Republic               Act               No.

7784;               Republic               Act               No.

7796;               Republic
               Act               No.

7797;               Republic               Act               No.

7836;
               D.

Magna               Carta               of               Public               School               Teachers
               E.

Higher               Education               Act               of               1987
               F.

Localization               Law               --               RA               8190
               IV.

Learning               Tasks/Activities:
               Definitions               and               Distinctions               How               do               legal               aspects               define               and               how               they               are               distinct               from               the               others               in               terms               of               legal               bases               or               theories               as               far               as               education               is               concerned?

Legal               aspects,               especially               rights               of               students               and               the               corresponding               responsibilities               and               obligations               of               schools               and               educational               personnel               for               meeting               their               educational               needs,               the               course               will               include               specific               legal               components               inherent               with               the               identification               and               education               of               students               including               adaptations               of               classroom               instructional               methodology               for               students               in               the               regular               educational               classroom.

They               serve               as               a               continuing               step               in               providing               the               understanding               and               awareness               of               issues               which               are               important               to               the               successful               operation               of               legal               aspects.

They               contain               accurate               and               authoritative               information               discussing               the               often               misunderstood               facets               of               these               programs.

Legal               problems               associated               with               facilities               and               equipment,               personnel               and               practices,               the               practice               and               unauthorized               practice,               informed               consent,               documentation               and               more               are               all               given               utmost               definitions               and               distinctions               further               in               this               learning               module.
               Theory               Input               According               to               MSN               Encarta,               law,               body               of               official               rules               and               regulations,               generally               found               in               constitutions,               legislation,               judicial               opinions,               and               the               like,               that               is               used               to               govern               a               society               and               to               control               the               behavior               of               its               members.

The               nature               and               functions               of               law               have               varied               throughout               history.

In               modern               societies,               some               authorized               body               such               as               a               legislature               or               a               court               makes               the               law.

It               is               backed               by               the               coercive               power               of               the               state,               which               enforces               the               law               by               means               of               appropriate               penalties               or               remedies.

Formal               legal               rules               and               actions               are               usually               distinguished               from               other               means               of               social               control               and               guides               for               behavior               such               as               mores,               morality,               public               opinion,               and               custom               or               tradition.

Of               course,               a               lawmaker               may               respond               to               public               opinion               or               other               pressures,               and               a               formal               law               may               prohibit               what               is               morally               unacceptable.

On               the               other               hand,               the               structure               of               school               governance,               decision               making,               and               the               relevant               state               and               federal               legislation               affecting               public               schooling               are               deliberately               studied               with               in-depth               application               and               theoretical               analysis               with               the               help               of               external               laws               that               link               the               school               and               the               community.

The               1987               Constitution               and               other               laws               pertaining               to               education               serve               partly               as               the               theoretical               input               about               legal               aspects               of               education.

Further               studies               about               these               laws               will               be               fully               backed               up               with               legal               means               to               support               the               claims               in               Philippine               educational               system               as               far               as               the               functions               of               the               law               are               concerned.
               Law               serves               as               a               variety               of               functions.

Laws               against               crimes,               for               example,               help               to               maintain               a               peaceful,               orderly,               relatively               stable               society.

Courts               contribute               to               social               stability               by               resolving               disputes               in               a               civilized               fashion.

Property               and               contract               laws               facilitate               business               activities               and               private               planning.

Laws               limiting               the               powers               of               government               help               to               provide               some               degree               of               freedom               that               would               not               otherwise               be               possible.

Law               has               also               been               used               as               a               mechanism               for               social               change;               for               instance,               at               various               times               laws               have               been               passed               to               inhibit               social               discrimination               and               to               improve               the               quality               of               individual               life               in               matters               of               health,               education,               and               welfare.
               Some               experts               believe               the               popular               view               of               law               overemphasizes               its               formal,               coercive               aspects.

They               point               out               that               if               a               custom               or               norm               is               assured               of               judicial               backing,               it               is,               for               practical               purposes,               law.

On               the               other               hand,               a               statute               that               is               neither               obeyed               nor               enforced               is               empty               law.

Social               attitudes               toward               the               formal               law               are               a               significant               part               of               the               law               in               process.

The               role               of               law               in               China               and               Japan,               for               example,               is               somewhat               different               from               its               role               in               Western               nations.

Respect               for               the               processes               of               law               is               low,               at               least               outside               matters               of               business               and               industry.

Tradition               looms               much               larger               in               everyday               life.

Resort               to               legal               resolution               of               a               dispute               is               truly               a               last               resort,               with               conciliation               being               the               mechanism               that               is               preferred               for               social               control.
               The               legal               experts,               particularly               in               Philippine               Educational               System,               implement               stiff               legal               aspects               (culled               from               legal               bases               of               Philippine               Education               and               Legal               Foundations               of               Education               by               Cecilio               Duka;               1987               Constitution               (Article               XI               &               XIV);               Nachura,               Antonio,               Outline/Reviewer               in               Political               Law,               2002:               Jurisprudence               --               GR               #               148560,               Nov.

19,               2001;               Civil               Service               Law               (Book               V               of               Title               1               --               Executive               Order               292;               Republic               Acts               as               Integrated               in               the               Course               Content;               Education               Act               of               1982               Book;               and               Magna               Carta               for               Public               School               Teachers).

Other               legal               aspects               include               Laws/Regulations               Pertaining               to               Conduct               and               Ethical               Standards               of               Public               Official/Employees;               Corresponding               Disciplinary               Actions/Penalties;               Anti-Graft               and               Corrupt               Practices               Act               --               RA               3019;               Code               of               Conduct               and               Ethical               Standards               of               Public               Officials               and               Employees               (RA               6713);               and               Article               XI               of               the               1987               Constitution               --               Accountability               of               Public               Officers.

In               Unit               II,               the               topics               include               Laws               Pertaining               to               Education.
               C.

Exercises
               Posed               Questions:
               How               is               a               moral               conflict               best               resolved?
               Write               a               summary               reaction               to               this               paragraph:               "Accountability               is               the               obligation               to               render               an               account               for               the               responsibility               conferred.

When               systems               for               public               transparency               and               accountability               are               being               devised,               four               questions               must               be               considered:               (a)               who               is               accountable?

(b)               for               what               is               s/he               accountable?

(c)               to               whom               is               s/he               accountable?

and               (d)               how               is               that               accountability               discharged?

As               the               discharge               of               accountability               requires               transparency,               in               this               lesson               we               will               henceforth               use               the               term               accountability               as               a               shorthand               for               accountability               including               transparency."
               Does               government               through               CHED               return               the               focus               of               the               Higher               Education               Act               to               its               first               priority               by               concentrating               taxpayer               subsidies               and               grant               on               those               who               cannot               afford               higher               education?
               Write               an               epitome               of               the               salient               points               of               Anti-graft               and               Corrupt               Practices               Act               --               RA               3019               and               Plunder               Law.
               V.

Assignment:
               Cite               one               example               of               a               moral               conflict               in               your               school.

How               was               it               resolved?
               Make               a               reaction               paper               based               on               the               preliminary               action,               content               analysis,               conclusion               and               recommendation               about               Intellectual               Property               -               Legal               Aspects               and               Intellectual               Property               -               Ethical               Aspects.
               10.

Post-test:
               The               posttest               is               used               to               determine               how               much               the               student               has               learned               after               undergoing               all               the               lessons               contained               in               the               module.

The               pretest               may               be               used               as               a               posttest.

The               facilitator               takes               notes               of               the               pretest               and               posttest               results               and               compares               the               scores               in               order               to               determine               whether               the               learner               has               improved               after               accomplishing               the               module.
               Attached               herewith               are               the               100               questions/test               items               of               the               pretest               and               posttest,               all               the               students               in               the               Graduate               School               with               modular               lessons               are               expected               to               answer               said               questions               as               a               whole               covering               test               items               for               professional               ethics,               including               the               legal               aspects               of               education.
               Furthermore,               for               comparison               in               getting               the               scores               of               the               pretest               and               posttest,               the               facilitator               has               to               use               statistical               tests.

One               useful               statistical               formula               for               this               purpose               is               the               Fisher's               t-test               of               mean               difference               between               two               sets               of               scores.
               11.

Post-test               Key               and               Evaluation:
               The               posttest               key               contains               the               answers               to               the               test               based               on               100               questions/test               items.

The               answer               key               is               attached/found               in               the               facilitator's               manual.

The               teacher               concerned               is               responsible               for               said               answers               for               safekeeping               and               ready               reference.

The               evaluation               contains               the               equivalents               of               the               ratings,               the               same               equivalents               assigned               to               the               pretest               which               are               used               in               the               posttest.

(see               sample               of               equivalents               in               the               pretest               under               the               pretest               feedback               and               evaluation).
               12.

Bibliography/Course               Reference:
               It               is               a               list               of               books,               periodicals,               government               documents,               etc.

that               the               student               has               to               use               in               order               to               accomplish               the               modules.

For               further               course               references,               please               look               at               the               following               or               consult               for               information               using               these               guides:
               Section               Editors               Robert               Davison               and               Ned               Kock,               Professional               Ethics
               www.fb.cityu.edu.hk/is/research/ISWorld/ethics/index.htm
               McDonald,               Michael,               Ethics               and               Conflict               of               Interest
               www.ethics.ubc.can/people/mcdonald/conflict.htm
               Chris               MacDonald,               Ph.D.,               Guidance               and               Considerations               for               Writing               a               Code               of               Ethics
               www.ethicsweb.ca/codes/coe3.htm/www.ethicsweb.ca/codes/writing-a-code-of-ethics.htm
               Ethical               Code/Codes               of               Ethics
               www.en.wekipedia.org./wiki/Ethical               code
               Cecilio               Duka,               Legal               Bases               of               Phil.

Education/Legal               Foundations               of               Education
               http://alabkoop.alsnet.org/alab_koop%2066.htm
               1987               Constitution               (Article               XI               &               XIV)
               http://www.chanrobles.com/philsupremelaw.htm
               Magna               Carta               of               Public               School               Teachers
               http:/www.lawphilnet/statutes/repacts/ra1966/ra_4670_1966.html
               Nachura,               Antonio,               Outline/Reviewer               in               Political               Law,               2002
               Jurisprudence               --               GR               #               148560,               Nov.

19,               2001
               Civil               Service               Law               (Book               V               of               Title               I               --               Executive               Order               292)
               Republic               Acts               --               as               Integrated               in               the               Course               Content
               Batas               Pambansa               Blg.

232               --               Education               Act               of               1982
               PRETEST/POSTTEST
               PART               I               --               PROFESSIONAL               ETHICS
               1.

Distinguish               ethics               from               professional               ethics.
               2.

What               do               you               mean               by               the               following:
               a.

code               of               ethics;
               b.

code               of               conduct;               and
               c.

code               of               practice?
               3.

Expound               on               this               statement:               "A               code               of               ethics               should               be               tailored               to               the               needs               and               values               of               your               organization."
               4.

Think               carefully               about               the               process               by               which               you               create               your               new               code.

Who               will               be               involved?

A               small               working               group?

Or               all               the               people               affected               by               the               code?

How               will               you               distil               the               needs               of               your               organization               and               the               beliefs               of               your               members               into               a               document?

The               process               may               matter               as               much               as               the               final               product.
               5.

How               will               your               new               code               be               implemented?

How               will               it               be               publicized,               both               inside               and               outside               of               your               organization?

What               steps,               if               any,               will               be               taken               to               ensure               that               the               values               embodied               in               your               code               get               implemented               in               organizational               policies               and               practices?
               6.

How/when               will               your               code               be               reviewed/revised?
               7.

What               is               really               the               purpose               of               ethical               standards               as               far               as               professional               ethics               is               concerned?
               8.

In               academic               integrity,               is               the               university               system               of               education               built               upon               a               high               level               of               trust               that               students               and               faculty               will               be               honest               in               their               dealings               with               each               other?

Does               it               break               down               quickly               if               this               honesty               is               lacking?

Are               there               some               actions               violated               the               trust               in               academic               integrity?
               9.

One               of               the               subsections               in               professional               ethics               is               the               use               of               computer               facilities.

Cite               at               least               5               examples               of               activities               that               are               universally               prohibited               in               the               use               of               computer               facilities.
               10.

What               is               professional               integrity?
               11.

Does               professional               integrity               encompass               a               wide               variety               of               responsibilities?

Give               a               few               of               them               (concrete               examples               of               responsibilities).
               12.

Are               codes               of               practice               legally               enforceable?

Why?
               13.

Give               an               epitome               of               professional               ethics               with               regard               to               teaching.
               14.

Say               something               about               ethical               theory               as               far               as               Aristotelian               ethics/cross-cultural               ethics               is               concerned.
               15.

What               is               the               difference               between               considerations               for               writing               a               code               of               ethics               and               guidance               for               writing               a               code               of               ethics?
               16.

What               do               you               understand               about               employment               ethics?
               17.

Cite               at               least               2               advantages               and               disadvantages               of               a               code               of               ethics?

Explain               each.
               18.

Expound               on               the               professional               ethics               that               concerns               one's               conduct               of               behavior               and               practice               when               carrying               out               professional               work,               and               the               professional               ethics               that               concerns               matters               such               as               professional               indemnity.
               19.

Discuss               the               codes               of               ethics               that               are               concerned               with               a               range               of               issues,               including:               academic               honesty;               adherence               to               confidentiality               agreements,               data               privacy;               handling               of               human               subjects;               impartiality               in               data               analysis               and               professional               consulting;               professional               accountability;               resolution               of               conflicts               of               interest;               and               software               privacy.
               20.

The               purpose               of               ethical               standards               is               to               provide               an               implicit               foundation               upon               which               human               interactions               can               proceed               smoothly.

Answer               each               question               below               in               relation               to               the               6               subsections               of               professional               ethics               such               as               intellectual               property,               academic               integrity,               use               of               computer               facilities,               human               relations,               professional               integrity               and               values:
               a.

"How               much               credit               do               I               need               to               give               previous               authors               whose               words               or               ideas               I               have               used?"
               b.

"How               much               help               can               I               get               on               a               homework               assignment               without               cheating?"
               c.

"Should               I               warn               a               hospital               that               my               company               has               delivered               a               shoddy               piece               of               software               to               them?"
               21.

Whether               it's               a               formally               written               contract               or               simply               a               handshake               deal,               must               both               sides               ethically               maintain               an               open               or               honest               relationship               for               the               benefit               of               everyone?

Why?
               22.

Since               professions               exist               to               create               expectations,               a               professional's               obligation               is               to               meet               them.

Professional               obligations               are               questions               of               fact,               not               ethics.

What               is               expected?

What               is               consistent               with               the               mission               of               the               profession?

Furthermore,               what               general               ethical               obligations               apply               in               the               context               of               a               professional's               work?

Should               one               practice               the               profession               at               all?
               23.

Write               an               abstract               about               the               salient               points               of               the               following:               professional               ethics               --               teaching;               Aristotelian               ethics;               and               Cross-cultural               ethics.
               24.

Why               is               it               very               difficult               for               those               independent               of               the               profession               to               monitor               practice,               leaving               the               possibility               that               a               code               of               practice               may               be               self               serving?
               25.

Expound               on               this               statement:               "By               establishing               oneself               as               an               ethical               employee,               a               reputation               is               established               that               results               in               raises               and               opportunity               for               advancement."
               26.

Do               teachers               expect               to               learn               more               within               the               ethics               area               by               graduation               end               up               in               a               cluster               characterized               by               high               assessment               of               outcomes               within               PLANNING,               LEADERSHIP               AND               RESPONSIBILITY?

Why?

Support               your               answer.
               27.

Do               you               agree               or               disagree               with               this               statement:               "An               ethical               behavior               means               a               better               career               path,               with               greater               opportunities               for               promotions,               and               for               being               paid               better               salaries?

Why?
               28.

Is               an               ethical               employee               highly               prized               wherever               she/he               goes               in               the               business               world?

Why?

Cite               concrete               examples.
               29.

Does               the               professional               carry               additional               moral               responsibilities               to               those               held               by               the               population               in               general?

Why?
               30.

In               your               opinion,               what               do               you               understand               about               disciplinary               codes?
               31.

Based               on               a               theoretical               level,               is               there               debate               as               to               whether               an               ethical               code               for               a               profession               should               be               consistent               with               the               requirements               of               morality               governing               the               public;               thus,               separatists               argue               that               professions               should               be               allowed               to               go               beyond               such               confines               when               they               judge               it               necessary?

Why?
               32.

Why               does               professional               ethics               concern               or               entail               in               the               moral               issues               that               arise               both               in               the               private               and               public               sectors?
               33.

How               can               you               define               professional               and               personal               ethics?
               34.

Give               your               comment               on               this:               "Professors,               guided               by               a               deep               conviction               of               the               worth               and               dignity               of               the               advancement               of               knowledge,               recognize               the               special               responsibilities               placed               upon               them.

Their               primary               responsibility               to               their               subject               is               to               seek               and               to               state               the               truth               as               they               see               it.

To               this               end               professors               devote               their               energies               to               developing               and               improving               their               scholarly               competence.

They               accept               the               obligation               to               exercise               critical               self-discipline               and               judgment               in               using,               extending,               and               transmitting               knowledge.

They               practice               intellectual               honesty.

Although               professors               may               follow               subsidiary               interests,               these               interests               must               never               seriously               hamper               or               compromise               their               freedom               of               inquiry."
               35.

React               to               this               paragraph               positively               and               negatively:               "As               teachers,               professors               encourage               the               free               pursuit               of               learning               in               their               students.

They               hold               before               them               the               best               scholarly               and               ethical               standards               of               their               discipline.

Professors               demonstrate               respect               for               students               as               individuals               and               adhere               to               their               proper               roles               as               intellectual               guides               and               counselors.

Professors               make               every               reasonable               effort               to               foster               honest               academic               conduct               and               to               ensure               that               their               evaluations               of               students               reflect               each               student's               true               merit.

They               respect               the               confidential               nature               of               the               relationship               between               professor               and               student.

They               avoid               any               exploitation,               harassment,               or               discriminatory               treatment               of               students."
               36.

In               professional               ethics,               does               it               connotatively               matter               which               hat               we               wear?

Why?
               37.

What               is               a               profession?
               38.

What               do               you               mean               by               professional               obligation?
               39.

Give               your               point               of               view               about               conflicting               obligations.
               40.

Give               the               difference               between               these               two               phrases:               "To               teach               professional               ethics               and               to               teach
               ethics               to               professionals."
               41.

What               do               you               fathom               about               ethics               education?
               42.

What               is               the               difference               between               professional               ethics               from               health               ethics?
               43.

What               is               professional               responsibility?
               44.

What               are               the               basic               responsibilities               of               the               profession?

Teaching               or               general               office               work?
               45.

A               solicitor               is               expected               to               act               honestly               at               all               times               -               the               rules               of               professional               conduct               are               clearly               stated               -               but               in               this               case,               the               solicitor               appears               to               have               organized               and               participated               in               a               well               planned,               deliberate               deception               of               an               offshore               court,               the               husband               and               the               husband's               two               sets               of               lawyers.

How,               I               ask               myself,               is               that               honest?

Support               your               answer.
               46.

A               manager               in               a               multi-office               CPA               firm               serves               on               the               board               of               directors               of               a               potential               review               client.

The               manager               would               not               be               assigned               to               provide               services               to               the               client               nor               located               in               the               office               that               would               perform               the               engagement.

Is               the               firm               independent               to               perform               the               review?

Why?
               47.

What               is               moral               considerability?

Ethical               pull?

How               are               they               related               to               one               another?
               48.

How               are               moral               problems               and               values               related?
               49.

The               professional,               when               confronting               a               choice,               is               faced               with               two               questions:
               What               should               I               do               as               a               human               being?

/               What               should               I               do               teaching               as               a               profession?
               50.

How               does               a               code               of               ethics               apply               when               cultures               have               different               values               (i.e.

"saving               face"               vs.
               discrepancies)?






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