About 'phd in psychotherapy'|An Interview With Psychotherapist Louis Breger, Author Of "Psychotherapy: Lives Intersecting" - Part 1 (Norman Costa)

About 'phd in psychotherapy'|An Interview With Psychotherapist Louis Breger, Author Of "Psychotherapy: Lives Intersecting" - Part 1 (Norman Costa)

Ｐｏｓｔ-Ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ               Ｓｔｒｅｓｓ               Ｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｓｅｖｅｒｅ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｗｉｔｎｅｓｓｉｎｇ               ｏｒ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｉｎｇ               ａ               ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ               ｅｖｅｎｔ. Ｒｅｃｅｎｔ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ｓｈｏｗｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｕｓｉｎｇ               ＭＤＭＡ               (ａｌｓｏ               ｋｎｏｗ               ａｓ               ｅｃｓｔａｓｙ)               ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｃａｎ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｒｅｄｕｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ｏｆ               Ｐｏｓｔ-Ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ               Ｓｔｒｅｓｓ               Ｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｉｔ. Ｒｉｃｋ               Ｄｏｂｌｉｎ               ＰｈＤ.,               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｍａｓｓａｃｈｕｓｅｔｔｓ,               Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌ               Ｍｉｔｈｏｅｆｅｒ               Ｍ.Ｄ.,               ａ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｃａｒｏｌｉｎａ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｐｓｙｃｈｉａｔｒｉｓｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｌｌｅａｇｕｅｓ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ               ａ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｗｉｔｈ               20               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｄ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｐｏｓｔ-Ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ               Ｓｔｒｅｓｓ               Ｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ               (ＰＴＳＤ)               ｏｎ               ａｖｅｒａｇｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｖｅｒ               19               ｙｅａｒｓ. Ｅａｃｈ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｒｉｅｄ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ａｎｄ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｐｈａｒｍａｃｏｌｏｇｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｏｒ               ｈｅｒ               ＰＴＳＤ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｔｙｐｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｆａｉｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ｗｏｒｋｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ               ｈｉｓ               ｏｒ               ｈｅｒ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ. Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｕｓｉｎｇ               ＭＤＭＡ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｒｉｌｙ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｔｒｕｓｔ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ               ｆｅａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｉｎｇ               ｐａｉｎｆｕｌ               ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｌｌｏｗｓ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｍｅ               ｕｐ               ｉｎ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｆｏｒ               ＰＴＳＤ.                Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ,               12               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｒａｎｄｏｍｌｙ               ａｓｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ               ＭＤＭＡ               ａｎｄ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ＰＴＳＤ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｅｉｇｈｔ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ａ               ｐｌａｃｅｂｏ               ａｎｄ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ. Ｅａｃｈ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｕｎｄｅｒｗｅｎｔ               ｔｗｏ               ｅｉｇｈｔ-ｈｏｕｒ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｓｅｓｓｉｏｎｓ               3-5               ｗｅｅｋｓ               ａｐａｒｔ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｉｎｇ               ＭＤＭＡ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｅａｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｓｅｓｓｉｏｎｓ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ. Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ,               ｅａｃｈ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｗｅｅｋｌｙ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｓｅｓｓｉｏｎｓ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｅａｃｈ               ｄａｙ-ｌｏｎｇ               ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｓｅｓｓｉｏｎ.                Ａｎ               ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ               ｔｅｓｔｅｒ,               ｗｈｏ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ａｗａｒｅ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ＭＤＭＡ               ｖｅｒｓｕｓ               ｐｌａｃｅｂｏ               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄ               ｅａｃｈ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ'ｓ               ＰＴＳＤ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ｕｔｉｌｉｚｉｎｇ               ａ               ＰＴＳＤ               ｓｃａｌｅ. Ｅａｃｈ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔ'ｓ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄ               ａｔ               ｂａｓｅｌｉｎｅ,               ｆｏｕｒ               ｄａｙｓ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｅａｃｈ               ｄａｙ-ｌｏｎｇ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｓｅｓｓｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｗｏ               ｍｏｎｔｈｓ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｃｏｎｄ               ｄａｙ-ｌｏｎｇ               ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｓｅｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ.                Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               10               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               12               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ＭＤＭＡ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ＰＴＳＤ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ. Ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｗｈｏ               ｓｔａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ＰＴＳＤ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｌｌ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ. Ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｈａｎｄ,               ｏｎｌｙ               ｔｗｏ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｌａｃｅｂｏ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ.                Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ,               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｗｏ-ｍｏｎｔｈ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗ-ｕｐ               ｗａｓ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｄ,               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｄ               ｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｌａｃｅｂｏ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｏｆｆｅｒｅｄ               ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｗｉｔｈ               ＭＤＭＡ. Ｓｅｖｅｎ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｉｇｈｔ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｌａｃｅｂｏ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｒｙ               ＭＤＭＡ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ,               ａｎｄ               ａｔｔａｉｎｅｄ               ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｓｅｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ＭＤＭＡ               ａｓｓｉｓｔｅｄ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ.                Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ＭＤＭＡ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ａｎｙ               ｓｅｖｅｒｅ               ａｄｖｅｒｓｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｒｕｇ. Ｉｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ａｎｙ               ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ               ｏｒ               ｂｌｏｏｄ               ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ               ｏｒ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ａｎｙ               ａｄｖｅｒｓｅ               ｎｅｕｒｏｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ.                Ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｍａｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ＰＴＳＤ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ. Ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｃａｎ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ               Ｐｏｓｔ-Ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ               Ｓｔｒｅｓｓ               Ｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｉｎｇ               ｏｒ               ｗｉｔｎｅｓｓｉｎｇ               ａ               ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ               ｅｖｅｎｔ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ａ               ｎａｔｕｒａｌ               ｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒ,               ｒａｐｅ,               ｃａｒ               ａｃｃｉｄｅｎｔ,               ｗａｒ,               ａｎｄ               ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃ               ｖｉｏｌｅｎｃｅ. Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｆｅｌｔ               ｉｎｔｅｎｓｅ               ｈｅｌｐｌｅｓｓｎｅｓｓ,               ｈｏｒｒｏｒ,               ｏｒ               ｆｅａｒ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔ               ｐｏｓｅｄ               ａｎ               ａｃｔｕａｌ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｅｄ               ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ               ｉｎｊｕｒｙ,               ｄｅａｔｈ,               ｏｒ               ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ               ｈａｒｍ               ｔｏ               ｏｎｅｓｅｌｆ               ｏｒ               ｏｔｈｅｒｓ.                Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               ＰＴＳＤ,               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ               ｍａｙ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ａ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｌｉｖｅｓ. Ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｍａｙ               ｆｅｅｌ               ａｓ               ｉｆ               ｈｅ               ｏｒ               ｓｈｅ               ｉｓ               ｒｅｌｉｖｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ               ｅｖｅｎｔ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｆｌａｓｈｂａｃｋｓ               ｏｒ               ｈａｌｌｕｃｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ｐｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ               ａｎｄ/ｏｒ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ               ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌ               ｏｒ               ｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌ               ｓｔｉｍｕｌｉ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｚｅ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ               ｅｖｅｎｔ,               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎｔｒｕｓｉｖｅ               ｉｍａｇｅｓ,               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａｎｄ/ｏｒ               ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔ,               ａｎｄ/ｏｒ               ｈａｖｅ               ｒｅｃｕｒｒｉｎｇ               ｎｉｇｈｔｍａｒｅｓ               ｏｒ               ｄｒｅａｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｕｍａ. Ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               ＰＴＳＤ               ａｌｓｏ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ａｖｏｉｄａｎｃｅ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ａｖｏｉｄｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｆｅｅｌｉｎｇｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｓ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔ,               ｄｉｍｉｎｉｓｈｅｄ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｏｎｅ'ｓ               ｕｓｕａｌ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ,               ａｎ               ｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ａ               ｖａｒｉｅｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａｖｏｉｄｉｎｇ               ｐｌａｃｅｓ,               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ,               ａｎｄ/ｏｒ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｍｉｎｄ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｕｍａ,               ｆｅｅｌｉｎｇ               ｄｅｔａｃｈｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ,               ａｎ               ｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒ               ａｎ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｕｍａ,               ａｎｄ/ｏｒ               ｐｏｓｓｅｓｓｅｓ               ａ               ｓｅｎｓｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｆｏｒｅｓｈｏｒｔｅｎｅｄ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ.                Ｈｙｐｅｒａｒｏｕｓａｌ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｓｅｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｐｏｓｔ-Ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ               Ｓｔｒｅｓｓ               Ｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ               ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｉｅｓ,               ｓｌｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｉｅｓ,               ａｎ               ｅｘａｇｇｅｒａｔｅｄ               ｓｔａｒｔｌｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ,               ｏｕｔｂｕｒｓｔｓ               ｏｆ               ａｎｇｅｒ               ｏｒ               ｉｒｒｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ,               ａｎｄ/ｏｒ               ｈｙｐｅｒｖｉｇｉｌａｎｃｅ. Ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｉｓ               ｄｉａｇｎｏｓｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ＰＴＳＤ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｈｅ               ｏｒ               ｓｈｅ               ｅｘｈｉｂｉｔｓ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｕｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｏｎｅ               ｍｏｎｔｈ               ｏｒ               ｌｏｎｇｅｒ. Ｉｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ               ｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｏｎｅ'ｓ               ｗｏｒｋ,               ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ,               ａｎｄ/ｏｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｌｉｆｅ.                ＰＴＳＤ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ａ               ｄｅｂｉｌｉｔａｔｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍａｙ               ａｆｆｅｃｔ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ｗｉｔｎｅｓｓｅｄ               ｏｒ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄ               ａ               ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ               ｅｖｅｎｔ. Ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｗａｓ               ｑｕｉｔｅ               ｓｍａｌｌ,               ｉｔ               ｍａｙ               ｌｅａｄ               ｔｏ               ｎｅｗ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｕｓｉｎｇ               ＭＤＭＡ               (ｅｃｓｔａｓｙ)               ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ＰＴＳＤ.                Ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ:                Ｐｓｙｃｈ               Ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ:               ＭＤＭＡ               Ｍａｙ               Ｈａｖｅ               Ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               Ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ＰＴＳＤ:                               ｈｔｔｐ://ｐｓｙｃｈｃｅｎｔｒａｌ.ｃｏｍ/ｎｅｗｓ/2010/07/20/ｍｄｍａ-ｍａｙ-ｈａｖｅ-ｒｏｌｅ-ｉｎ-ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ-ｏｆ-ｐｔｓｄ/15778.ｈｔｍｌ                Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               Ａｆｆａｉｒｓ:               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               ＰＴＳＤ:               ＤＳＭ-ＩＶ-ＴＲ               Ｃｒｉｔｅｒｉａ               ｆｏｒ               ＰＴＳＤ:                               ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｐｔｓｄ.ｖａ.ｇｏｖ/ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ/ｐａｇｅｓ/ｄｓｍ-ｉｖ-ｔｒ-ｐｔｓｄ.ａｓｐ

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Counseling and Psychotherapy Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Goal of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy Techniques Psychotherapy Theories Psychotherapy Training Psychotherapy Notes Psychotherapy for Depression

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